What do Lynn, Brockton, Lincoln, Westwood, Watertown and Revere have in common?
According to a new report by the Brookings Institution “Confronting Suburban Poverty in America,” they are all suburbs of Boston, despite their vast differences. Does this seem strange to you? It does to me.
The Brookings report is getting a great deal of attention in recent days because it offers a compelling and challenging message: Suburban poverty is exploding across America and our federal policies are poorly designed to meet this challenge. Many people are already citing the report as evidence of the need for a new anti-poverty strategy.
I would agree that we need new approaches to reducing poverty. Indeed, perhaps the most stunning finding in the report is how much poverty has grown over the past decade, largely as the result of the deep economic recession. Hopefully, that will turn around as the economy slowly recovers, but deep structural problems in our economy will likely result in high poverty rates for years to come unless we embrace a much larger national commitment to reducing poverty.
I would also agree with Brookings that smaller municipalities often struggle with addressing poverty because they have less financial and technical capacity than larger cities. Regional collaboration – a core recommendation of the book – is certainly a part of the solution.
All that said I have some questions about the report’s findings and recommendations:
1. The Brookings' definition of “suburb” is meaningless
Brookings defines “suburb” as any municipality with less than 100,000 people, regardless of its wealth, density, housing stock, or anything else. Therefore, according to the report, wealthy communities with mostly single family homes can be considered “urban” while dense, poor cities with significant rental housing can be considered “suburbs.”
Such an incomplete and inaccurate definition makes the use of the word “suburb” meaningless at best, and misleading at worst, especially in metro Boston. It is a serious mistake to conflate truly suburban communities like Lincoln and Westwood with smaller urban cities like Lynn, Brockton, and Revere, because they face different challenges, have different resources, and need different solutions.
There may in fact be more poor people in the “suburbs” as Brookings contends under their constrained definition, and maybe this even means that we are moving to a more equitable distribution of poverty in our region. I’m skeptical. What might be happening instead is that our smaller cities are getting poorer and the true suburbs remain largely exclusive.
The Brookings data clearly indicates that poverty is dispersed across metro regions, but without further analysis, the Brookings findings do not help us to understand whether this is a suburban phenomenon or a small city one. The difference matters, especially where I live in metro Boston where our region has many small cities with significant poverty.
2. The majority of federal spending is not on place-based poverty programs
Brookings goes on to contend, based on these flawed definitions of “urban” and “suburban” that the federal government's anti-poverty programs are too “placed-based” and overly focused on “urban” areas. Yet, the largest anti-poverty programs by far in America are Social Security, Medicare, Medicaid, and food stamps. None of these are placed-based!
Moreover, Brookings's definition of “placed-based” does not make much sense, as it includes programs such as HOME and LIHTC, which provide housing in urban, rural and suburban communities. The report even includes mobile housing vouchers that are explicitly not placed-based and the new HUD Sustainable Communities Program, which is explicitly regional. I worry that Brookings perpetuates the false impression that the federal government actually spends significant money outside of our core entitlement programs on fighting poverty. With recent budget cuts, this is less true than ever, and the Brookings report could reinforce the false notion that federal programs are too expensive and ineffective and should be slashed.
Of course, Brookings does not advocate for federal budget cuts. Rather, Brookings says on its website that “the answer to these challenges is not to shift limited resources from poor urban to poor suburban communities.” That sounds good until you read the next paragraph where they propose to do just that by taking 5 percent of the funding now focused on so-called “placed-based” programs and creating a new Metropolitan Opportunity Challenge program. This might be a great new program, but robbing Peter to pay Paul is not an effective strategy.
3. Place matters
Finally, there is a growing body of evidence connecting place to social/economic outcomes. I find it strange that Brookings is now recommending that we move away from efforts to improve places. I thought we were done with the tired debate about place-based vs. people-based efforts and that it was widely understood that both were needed. (The same is true for the newer, but already tired, debate about whether to focus on regions or neighborhoods.)
There is no doubt that we need a more thoughtful and direct approach to addressing poverty in both suburbs and smaller cities. Our members struggle with these challenges every day. If the Brookings report helps spur that conversation and drives resources to that effort, then it would have a positive impact.
The report is likely to push a very important conversation about regional equity and reducing concentrated poverty. But, I would encourage you to read beyond the headlines and examine the report’s assumptions, definitions, and recommendations. And I would encourage Brookings and others to conduct a more fine-tuned analysis. The stakes are too high to misdiagnose what is going on with poverty across America
For a different perspective on “Confronting Suburban Poverty in America,” check out J. Rosie Tighe's post and a response from the authors, Elizabeth Kneebone and Alan Berube, on Rooflines.
(Photo by ferncanyonman CC BY-NC-ND)
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5 thoughts on “More Suburban Poor? Think Again”
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I’m glad you posted this, Joe. You make important points about the report. I am always happy to see coverage on various aspects of poverty, and applaud the Brookings report for ensuring that suburbs are not overlooked. But your critique is also spot on. I particularly think #1 is an important elements that applies to both suburban and rural (See a similar point in this recent Washington Post article: https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/what-does-rural-mean-uncle-sam-has-more-than-a-dozen-answers/2013/06/08/377469e8-ca26-11e2-9c79-a0917ed76189_story.html)
Getting bogged down in definitions is exactly what we should NOT do when crafting anti-poverty policies.
Well said Joe Kreisberg! The Brookings Report did not analyze the racial/ethnic composition of suburban poverty compared to inner-city poverty. The shift in resources that the study recommends also has implications for shifting resources between racial/ethnic groups. It is also true that the suburbs covered in the study don’t have the character of what is popularly understood of suburbs—low density, high income, etc. Just as only a certain type of homeownership is beneficial to families, it is moving to a certain type of a suburb that can have positive outcomes for families—a suburb with good schools, low crime, etc. The study has some value in helping us recognize that areas that are technically suburbs also have many poor people living in them. The non-inclusive development of many cities has pushed the poor population to an inner ring of suburbs—and these poor families have experienced no positive change in opportunities by simply moving away from city centers.
Excellent piece and I think it’s important for us to question “headline” reports that need more analysis. I expecially like the point, “I worry that Brookings perpetuates the false impression that the federal government actually spends significant money outside of our core entitlement programs on fighting poverty.”
You’re confusing social programs with programs that have a direct affect on infrastructure and housing. Welfare and Medicaid have little to do with causing sprawl of poverty to migrate.
“I lead a regional CDC serving urban and suburban communities south of Boston so much of the book resonates, but the notion that smaller cities like Brockton should be labled as suburbs does not make any sense. Yes, poverty is growing in the suburbs, but it is also growing in cities and we should not conflate smaller, urban, poor cities with “suburbs.” This only confuses the issue more!”